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5.2.1.4.1 Major experiences in the world

In order to analyze the weaknesses in disaster management that were realized from combined and large-scale disasters, an international survey was conducted to countries that suffered from major disasters. Table 5.2.1.4.1.1 provides the details of the international survey.

Table 5.2.1.4.1.1 – International survey details
Survey items	Description
Survey date	From May 2013 to May 2014
Survey countries	Member countries of PIARC TC1.5 The countries that suffered from recent well-known major hazard
Survey form	Character of the disaster Major difficulty in disaster management ITS application in disaster management Review and lessons in terms of the key-words below Robustness Self-sustainedness Dynamic risk management

Thirteen case studies were collected through the survey. Table 5.2.1.4.1.2 provides a list of these.

Table 5.2.1.4.1.2 – Collected experiences and reporters
	Disaster	Reporter
1	[Large scale disaster –Large-] 1994 Northridge Earthquake, USA	Herby LISSADE Chief, Office of emergency Caltrans, USA
2	[Large scale disaster –Large-] 1995 Kobe Earthquake, Japan	Yukio ADACHI Chief maintenance engineer, Hanshin expressway, JAPAN
3	[Combined disaster -Simultaneous & Chain-] 2005 Hurricane Katrina, USA	James LAMBERT Professor University of Virginia, USA
4	[Large scale disaster –Large-] 2007 Tabasco flood, Mexico	Gustavo MORENO President, SESPEC MEXICO
5	[Combined disaster - Simultaneous -] 2009 Taiwan heavy rain, Taiwan	Chin-Fa, CHEN Directorate General of Highways MOTC, Taiwan
6	[Large scale disaster -Uncommon-] 2010 Eruption of Volcano Merapi, Indonesia	Djoko MURJANTO Director general of highways MOI, Indonesia
7	[Large scale disaster -Uncommon-] 2010 Chemical Spill, Hungary	Csilla KAMARAS Engineer National Transport Authority, Hungary
8	[Large scale disaster -Large-] 2010 Romania flood, Romania	Constantin ZBARNEA Regional Division of Roads and Bridges Iasi ROMANIA
9	[Combined disaster - Simultaneous -] 2011 East Japan earthquake, Japan	Yukio ADACHI Chief maintenance engineer, Hanshin expressway, JAPAN
10	[Large scale disaster –Large-] 2011 Kii Peninsula Heavy Rain, Japan	Yukio ADACHI Chief maintenance engineer, Hanshin expressway, JAPAN
11	[Large scale disaster -Uncommon-] 2012 Cameroon flood, Cameroon	Francis NDOUMBA MOUELLE Kizito NGOA Cameroon
12	[Large scale disaster -Large-] 2012 Waioeka Gorge Slip, New Zealand	Brett GLIDDON State Highway Manager New Zealand Transport Agency, New Zealand
13	[Large scale disaster -Large-] 2013 Queensland flood, Australia	Andrew EXCELL Regional Manager MeTRO, DPTI, Australia

The collected experiences were categorized into uncommon disaster, large-scale disaster, simultaneously occurring disaster, and chain reaction disasters based on their mode, frequency of occurrence, scale, and status (see Table 5.2.1.4.1.3).

Table 5.2.1.4.1.3 – Disaster categorization
Main characteristics			Disaster mode	Ocurrence	Scale of single disaster	Disaster status
Large scale disasters		Uncommon	Single	Very rare	Medium	Does not change
Large scale disasters		Large scale	Single	Rare	Large	Does not change
Combined disasters		Simultaneously ocurring	Multiple	Simultaneous	Simultaneous	Does not change
Combined disasters		Chain-reaction	Multiple	Consecutive	Consecutive	Changes with time

Table 5.2.1.4.1.4 provides a description for the aforementioned categorizations and the collected case studies for each.