Disaster Management Manual - PIARC
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1.4 Kiosk

Countries that have experienced typhoons, torrential rains, and other wind and flood disasters, as well as massive earthquakes and tsunamis, have built "Build Back Better" after each of these past disasters to prevent another disaster from occurring, and have strengthened disaster countermeasures based on this experience.

Over the last few years, the needs of society have evolved rapidly as a result of the diversification of society and population growth. Disaster countermeasures must also change to keep up with these changes.

On the other hand, in order to cope with severe damage caused by increasingly severe weather phenomena and huge earthquakes and tsunamis that could occur at any time, it is necessary to develop technologies related to disaster prevention based on knowledge and technologies developed from past disaster experiences and to incorporate these technologies as quickly as possible.

KIOSK has collected and organized "technologies that contribute to disaster mitigation" that contribute to reducing damage to prevent the latest disasters so that it can better support the planning of disaster countermeasures in response to changes in society and recent disaster situations. It is expected that other disaster prevention measures will evolve and intensify with the use of these technologies.

1.4.1 General

KIOSK collects and organizes basic technologies from all fields that contribute to the advancement and efficiency of disaster management.

As these basic technologies are applied in practice, it is expected that disaster response from the perspective of road users will be deepened in all phases of road disaster management.

Figure 1.4.1 Roads that protect people’s lives and property from disasters (2020, “2040 Vision for Roads in Japan in 2040”, MLIT, Japan)

Figure 1.4.1 Roads that protect people’s lives and property from disasters (2020, “2040 Vision for Roads in Japan in 2040”, MLIT, Japan)

1.4.2 Planning and Management

KIOSK collects and organizes basic technologies from all fields that contribute to Planning and Management.

The way of Planning and Management depends on the geology, ground condition, existence of natural disasters such as earthquake, flooding, landslide, etc.

Road managers should introduce the technologies properly. However, if the proper technologies were selected, it would be expected to contribute to Planning and Management.

Various technologies are described here.

1.4.2.1 Risk Assessment

In order to consider disaster management, the first step is to quantitatively evaluate and understand, as much as possible, where the vulnerabilities are and how much damage will occur in the event of a disaster.

This section introduces effective techniques for understanding disaster vulnerability.

KIOSK technologies:

  • 1.4.2.1.1 Disaster risk assessment using Airborne Laser Scanning

1.4.2.2 Management

Visualizing the risks at one glance is essential for every stakeholder in that region. 3D modeling, hazard maps, simulation and interpretation are key technologies for visualizing the risks.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.2.2.1 Geological risk management - 3D visualization of underground by 3D geophysical exploration
  • 1.4.2.2.2 Risk management of inundation due to heavy rains, etc
  • 1.4.2.2.3 Mapping and updating road network systems, utilizing high resolution ALOS-3 satellite data and AI-powered analytic algorithms

1.4.3 Survey and Analytics

KIOSK collects and organizes basic technologies from all fields that contribute to Survey and Analysis.

Generally, the damage of roads is caused by earthquake, landslide, flooding, and debris flow, etc.

Landslides, flooding, and debris flow are caused by heavy rainfall; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to changes in rainfall due to climate change.

Various surveys and analysis are required to evaluate the condition of the site quantitatively and objectively.

Road managers should apply suitable Survey and Analysis technologies for planning suitable measures and construction.

Figure 1.4.3 Example of survey and analytics of slope failure

Figure 1.4.3 Example of survey and analytics of slope failure

1.4.3.1 Weather Related Technologies

Landslides, debris flows, and flooding are generally caused by heavy rainfall. Therefore, it is important for road managers to observe rainfall along the road in real time.

For this purpose, it is necessary to establish a system that conducts local meteorological and rainfall observations to inform road managers.

In addition, it is also necessary to combine with a system that alerts when the observed data exceeds a certain threshold level so that road managers can quickly make decisions such as traffic regulations.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.3.1.1 Extreme weather observation technology using unique small doppler radar
  • 1.4.3.1.2 Technology that provides comprehensive information necessary for road management, utilizing unique radar and current local rainfall or snow distribution analysis technology
  • 1.4.3.1.3 Compact, low-cost weather observation technology
  • 1.4.3.1.4 Three types of water level monitoring technology
  • 1.4.3.1.5 Flood warning technology

1.4.3.2 Slope Related Technologies

Slope risks depend on the geography and geology. Geographical, geological and geotechnical survey, simulation and monitoring is necessary for mapping the location where the risks exist and assess the hazards.

During and after construction, periodical monitoring of the road and slope along the road is essential for the road management.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.3.2.1 Landslide topography interpretation technology by AI
  • 1.4.3.2.2 Slope monitoring system using remote sensing technology
  • 1.4.3.2.3 Prediction technology for slope behavior during earthquakes using numerical analysis
  • 1.4.3.2.4 Cloud-based slope and road structure measurement and monitoring service using WEB-GIS
  • 1.4.3.2.5 GNSS based 24/7 deformation monitoring technology along the road side cut-slopes
  • 1.4.3.2.6 Terrain and slope deformation monitoring technology using field surveillance camera system
  • 1.4.3.2.7 Land deformation vector visualization technology using time sequence airborne LiDAR datasets
  • 1.4.3.2.8 Wide area and holistic land deformation monitoring technology using satellite based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
  • 1.4.3.2.9 Simple boring method to enable 100% core collection in gravel layer
  • 1.4.3.2.10 Method using a back-pack type mobile laser scanner for identifying trees being obstacles along a road
  • 1.4.3.2.11 3D BIM for slope (Efficiency improvement of measures for slope failure and countermeasures for landslides, such as groundwater drainage works, using 3D technology)
  • 1.4.3.2.12 Hazard mapping technology for slope (Smart disaster prevention technology by real-time monitoring the land with DX)
  • 1.4.3.2.13 Prediction of tsunami height and inundation area due to earthquake (Tsunami height/inundation area prediction by using detailed topographic data)
  • 1.4.3.2.14 Support for earthquake-resistant design by using simulated seismic wave creation technology of 3 component differential method, and 3 dimensional underground models (Support for Seismic performance design by utilizing 3D ground technology)
  • 1.4.3.2.15 Early warning monitoring technology of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents
  • 1.4.3.2.16 Monitoring of ground movements around roads from space
  • 1.4.3.2.17 Data Management & analysis technology using tablet

1.4.3.3 Earthquake Related Technologies

Earthquakes generally occur along active faults. In addition, it must be considered that disasters due to tsunami and liquefaction may occur in coastal areas and soft ground areas. Therefore, the assessment of the earthquake hazards should be carried out based on the knowledge of earth science. And combining with earthquake observation networks, and simulations of seismic intensity and tsunami height, we can estimate earthquakes, tsunamis, and liquefaction hazards that may occur in the future.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.3.3.1 Earthquake observation Technology
  • 1.4.3.3.2 Crash simulation of tsunami driftage
  • 1.4.3.3.3 Seismic design support technology for reliability-based design
  • 1.4.3.3.4 Three-dimensional simplified deformation prediction technique for liquefied ground
  • 1.4.3.3.5 Seismic liquefaction analysis

1.4.3.4 Disaster Factors

Natural disasters are mainly caused by earthquakes and heavy rains. But there might be a possibility that disaster factors other than earthquakes and heavy rains might cause hazards.

In this section, other disaster factors, which are not described in 1.4.3.1 – 1.4.3.3, are described.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.3.4.1 Mud flood simulation based road damage estimation technology

1.4.4 Measures and Construction

KIOSK collects and organizes basic technologies from all fields that contribute to Measures and Construction.

To construct roads that are resistant to natural disasters, it is necessary to carry out proper construction works based on appropriate design. At the same time, there is a demand for considering not to damage the landscape when designing and constructing.

It is also important to continuously monitor the condition of the built roads, during the construction, to keep the safety and manage the construction works.

Various technologies are described here, but it is expected to implement the suitable Measures and Construction.

Figure 1.4.4 Example of slope collapse prevention construction

Figure 1.4.4 Example of slope collapse prevention construction

1.4.4.1 Embankment Related Technologies

Embankment is a man-made structure. Unlike natural ground that has been formed over a long period of time, man-made structure is constructed in a short period of time. Generally, its strength and toughness are weaker than natural ground. Therefore, it is needed to apply enough compaction to the soil or/and apply a soil improvement to construct the embankment, which has enough strength and toughness.

In this section, ground improvement related technologies are described here.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.1.1 In situ soil mixing method with ability of obstacle avoidance and inclined operation by using expandable / collapsible mixing blades
  • 1.4.4.1.2 A ground improvement method under existing structures

1.4.4.2 Slope Related Technologies

When a road is constructed along a slope, it is required that suitable measures are taken to prevent the slope failure. And recently, there are many cases where greening work, which takes into consideration the environment, is also combined with current slope failure prevention works. With the recent development of sensor technology and robot technology, early warning systems and robotic construction work techniques are developed that enable them to conduct construction works more safely.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.2.1 High corrosion resistance and high proof stress ground anchor construction method
  • 1.4.4.2.2 Slope protection greening matting system using the fulvic acid plant growth technology
  • 1.4.4.2.3 Robust and durable deterrent piles
  • 1.4.4.2.4 Landslide topography interpretation technology by AI
  • 1.4.4.2.5 Slope monitoring system using remote sensing technology
  • 1.4.4.2.6 Prediction technology for slope behavior during earthquakes using numerical analysis
  • 1.4.4.2.7 Cloud-based slope and road structure measurement and monitoring service using WEB-GIS
  • 1.4.4.2.8 Early warning monitoring technology of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents
  • 1.4.4.2.9 Tele-opened robot for backhoe shovels
  • 1.4.4.2.10 Improvement mountainous road in developing country by using Japanese technologies for slope disaster prevention

1.4.4.3 Rock Fall Related Technologies

When a road is constructed along a rock fall area, it is required that suitable measures are taken to prevent the rock fall. With the recent development of sensor technology combined with numerical analysis techniques, monitoring techniques and early warning systems are updated. That enables road managers to conduct measures and construction works more effectively.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.3.1 Microseism and vibration sensor array monitoring technology
  • 1.4.4.3.2 Prediction technology for slope behavior during earthquakes using numerical analysis
  • 1.4.4.3.3 Early warning monitoring technology of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents

1.4.4.4 Debris Flow Related Technologies

Generally, debris flow suddenly attacks a road and it is difficult to predict its occurrence. Therefore, both detecting and protecting technologies should be implemented at the location where there is a high debris flow risk. The key is to detect the debris flow in real time and transmit the data or alert as quickly as possible to road administrators or directly to personnel who drive cars. Also, debris barriers are effective facilities for protecting roads.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.4.1 Debris flow occurrence detection sensor
  • 1.4.4.4.2 Construction method to build concrete structures such as erosion control dams by remote control

1.4.4.5 Earthquake Related Technologies

There are two targets to which an enhancing earthquake resistance technique should be applied. The first one is to improve the earthquake resistance of the structure itself, and the second one is to improve the earthquake resistance of the ground where the structure is constructed. The important thing is to check that these earthquake-resistant construction techniques are properly applied. For checking them, inspections and diagnostics are required to be carried out during and after the construction works.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.5.1 Robust and durable piles levee wall that stands strong against earthquakes and tsunamis
  • 1.4.4.5.2 Aseismic ground enclosure against liquefaction
  • 1.4.4.5.3 Realization of disaster prevention through the regional earthquake alarm system
  • 1.4.4.5.5 Shear strengthening method capable of constructing from inside of underground structures
  • 1.4.4.5.6 Seismic retrofit method for high-speed construction in narrow space
  • 1.4.4.5.7 Technology for image analysis of concrete cracks caused by earthquakes
  • 1.4.4.5.8 Fireproof segment effective for disaster prevention in shield tunnel
  • 1.4.4.5.9 Technology for constructing infrastructure facilities utilizing the merits of ultra-high strength fiber-reinforced concrete, Robust bridge resistant to disasters
  • 1.4.4.5.10 High performance sprayed concrete resilient for disasters
  • 1.4.4.5.13 In situ soil mixing method with ability of obstacle avoidance and inclined operation by using expandable/collapsible mixing blades
  • 1.4.4.5.14 A ground improvement method under existing structures

1.4.4.6 Soft Ground Related Technologies

Soft ground related technologies are mainly consisting of ground improvement technologies. In urban area, there are many obstacles underground. To keep the safety and effectiveness of the construction, several ground improvement technologies which include control drilling techniques or newly developed equipments are developed.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.6.1 In situ soil mixing method with ability of obstacle avoidance and inclined operation by using expandable/collapsible mixing blades
  • 1.4.4.6.2 A ground improvement method under existing structures

1.4.4.7 Emergency Measures

There are two aspects for emergency measures. One is the early warning before disasters occur. And the second one is a quick survey of the damage caused by disasters. For this purpose, many early warning systems and monitoring systems have been developed. Since it is necessary to investigate huge areas in a short time, non-destructive testing methods and robot-based technologies have been implemented.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.4.7.1 3 dimensional data reconstruction technology using drone based aerial imagery and cloud processing system
  • 1.4.4.7.2 Landslide topography interpretation technology by AI
  • 1.4.4.7.3 Slope monitoring system using remote sensing technology
  • 1.4.4.7.4 Cloud-based slope and road structure measurement and monitoring service using WEB-GIS
  • 1.4.4.7.5 Early warning monitoring system of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents
  • 1.4.4.7.6 Realization of disaster prevention for workers lives from the regional earthquake alarm system
  • 1.4.4.7.8 Overpass construction method (Rapid construction in post-disaster reconstruction)
  • 1.4.4.7.9 Fast and failsafe climbing form construction method that are less affected by the natural environment and can shorten the construction period

1.4.5 Maintenances

KIOSK collects and organizes basic technologies from all fields that contribute to Maintenance.

For maintaining roads, it is important to monitor the changes quantitatively that have occurred not only in the road itself, but also in the surrounding ground and slopes.

Monitoring data will be essential for establishing the proper maintenance planning.

In addition, it is necessary to have a warning system such as for traffic restriction in case of emergency.

For this purpose, monitoring technology is important, and many monitoring methods are described in the content here.

Figure 1.4.5 Example of road surface monitor

Figure 1.4.5 Example of road surface monitor

1.4.5.1 Road Surface and Roadbed

Since, the total length of the road is long, road maintenance is generally expensive and time-consuming matters. Because of the limited budget for maintenance, it is essential to identify severely damaged areas of the road to determine the priority zone for the maintenance when making the maintenance plan.

For evaluating the road surface and roadbed condition various inspection and diagnosing techniques have been developed.

As the inspections and diagnoses are carried out regularly, acquired data should be accumulated in a database or cloud-based data storage system. This is important for maintenance for the long term.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.5.1.1 The cloud service that uses smartphones to support daily and disaster management and inspection of roads
  • 1.4.5.1.2 Non-destructive detection technology for underground cavities and buried objects (Under-road inspection for infrastructure maintenance by using ground-penetrating radar)

1.4.5.2 Bridge

The bridge consists mainly of iron and concrete. In the case of bridges where those are constructed along coastal areas, it is necessary to take into account chemical erosion of the materials due to chloride damage.

By observing the presence of cracks on the bridge structure, chemical analysis of the material, stresses which apply on the structure, etc. the bridge can be quantitatively assessed.

Recently BIM is utilized for construction works, these data are expected to be reflected in BIM. Then the maintenance planning and works would be performed effectively.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.5.2.1 RC bridge salt damage evaluation system using the fluorescence X-rays analyzing technique
  • 1.4.5.2.2 High Capacity Micro Pile: Embedded piles and embedded piles with a pile diameter of 300 mm or less that can be used for reinforcing the foundations of various structures
  • 1.4.5.2.3 Three dimensional model construction method for the bridge maintenance
  • 1.4.5.2.4 Shear strengthening method capable of constructing from inside of underground structures
  • 1.4.5.2.5 Seismic retrofit method for high-speed construction in narrow space
  • 1.4.5.2.6 Technology for image analysis of concrete cracks caused by earthquakes
  • 1.4.5.2.7 Technology for constructing infrastructure facilities utilizing the merits of ultra-high strength fiber-reinforced concrete, Robust bridge resistant to disasters

1.4.5.3 Road Tunnel

Tunnel is mainly constructed in mountainous area and underground in urbanized areas. Since, the surrounding geology varies from hard rock to soft soil, the design of the tunnel is varied.

But in any case, a tunnel should have enough strength against underground pressure or dynamic forces caused by earthquakes.

In addition, in case of fire caused by a traffic accident, fireproof measures should also be considered.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.5.3.1 Fireproof segment effective for disaster prevention in shield tunnel
  • 1.4.5.3.2 High performance sprayed concrete resilient for disasters

1.4.5.4 Slope Measures

Slope measures aim to stabilize the slope itself to prevent the failure of the slope. To achieve this, monitoring is quite essential to grasp the condition of the slope.

Many monitoring technologies could be applied for slope. Since the observed area is wide, a huge volume of the observed data should be interpreted in real time. The interpretation using AI technologies would be next generation techniques for the future.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.5.4.1 Earthwork structure inspection system using the PS-In-SAR technique
  • 1.4.5.4.2 Landslide terrain interpretation technology by AI
  • 1.4.5.4.3 Slope monitoring service using remote sensing technology
  • 1.4.5.4.4 Cloud-based slope and road structure measurement and monitoring service using WEB-GIS
  • 1.4.5.4.5 Early warning monitoring technology of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents
  • 1.4.5.4.6 Microseism and vibration sensor array monitoring technology

1.4.5.5 Road Structure

Since, the total length of the road is long, road maintenance is generally expensive and time-consuming matters. Because of the limited budget for maintenance, it is important to identify the location and condition of the road structure where it is severely damaged.

For evaluating the road structure, inspection and diagnosing techniques have been developed.

These techniques are effective for maintenance work for the long term.

KIOSK technologies

  • 1.4.5.5.1 Early warning monitoring technology of slope failure using tilt sensors array and volumetric water contents
  • 1.4.5.5.2 Microseism and vibration sensor array monitoring technology

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